Notes for The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts:

¹ Margaret Filipse. See footnote 7.

² The manor-house of Thetinga, at Wieuwerd in Friesland, about seven miles southwest of Leeuwarden. By walking to Oosterend and a little beyond one found, as the canals then lay, a canal route to the Zuider Zee. The diarist, it will be observed, refrains from naming the place, and gives only the beginnings of the place-names mentioned just below.

³ The chronology needs explanation. Thursday, June 8, 1679, new style (which was the style our travellers observed), was May 29, old style, and May 29, old style, was Ascension Day, the keepers of old style observing Easter this year on (their) April 20, though the keepers of new style observed it on (their) April 2. The new style had been adopted by the province of Holland in 1582, immediately upon its promulgation by Pope Gregory XIII., but in Friesland and the other provinces of the Dutch Republic the old style continued to prevail until 1700.

⁴ The chief executive officer of a Dutch town.

⁵ A port on the west coast of Friesland, where they took the packet to cross the Zuider Zee to Amsterdam.

⁶ An important commercial town in North Holland, on the chief point they would pass on the west side of the Zuider Zee.

⁷ Margaret Philipse. Frederick Philipse (1626-1702), who in 1674 was listed as the richest man in New York, and later owned the great Philipse manor and was for twenty years a member of the governor''s council, had in 1662 married Margaret, widow of Pieter Rudolph de Vries, herself a well-to-do and enterprising merchant. She was the daughter of Adolf Hardenbroek of Bergen, and died before 1692. It is not necessary to accept in toto the diarist''s estimate of her.

⁸ i.e., if they were not Labadists of Wieuwerd.

⁹ The Y (now spelled Ij) is the river or inlet on which Amsterdam is situated. Buiksloot and Nieuwendam are suburban places on its north side.

¹⁰ The Voetians and the Cocceians were at this time the leading theological parties in the Reformed Church of the Netherlands. Gysbertus Voetius (1589-1676), professor of theology at Utrecht, was the pietistic, rigidly orthodox Calvinist; at first favorable to Labadie as to a man of earnest zeal to increase piety in the church, he turned against him as Labadie developed into separatism. Johannes Cocceius (1603-1669), professor at Leiden and one of the chief exponents of the "federal" theology (theology of covenants), represented a school more liberal in tendency and freer in exegesis, though still closely Biblical. Our travellers approved neither group.

¹¹ A large island at the mouth of the Zuider Zee. Ships outgoing to America would pass between it and the Helder, or extreme north point of North Holland.

¹² The Labadists had dwelt at Altona, in Holstein, then Danish, from 1672 to their removal to Wieuwerd in 1675. Labadie died there.

¹³ No doubt the allusion is to Antoinette Bourignon and her conventicles. Mile. Boiu-ignon (1616-1680), born in Lille, France, was a mystical enthusiast of tendencies not dissimilar from those of Labadie. Like him she wrote much, had temporarily a great vogue, and removed with her followers from place to place ‚Äî Amsterdam, Schleswig, Holstein, Hamburg, East Friesland, Friesland. Their congregation was at Hamburg when the Labadists were at Altona, close by, and was now at Franeker, not far from Wieuwerd. Efforts had at first been made toward union, but by this time there was open opposition between the two sects. The "assembly of Mr. B." means the conventicle maintained at Amsterdam by a merchant named Bardowitz or Bardewisch. He had been one of the foremost followers of Labadie, had interpreted his discourses into Dutch for those who did not understand French, and when Labadie retired to Herford in 1670 had been left in charge of that portion of the congregation which remained in Amsterdam. There he for many years, without pretending to be a minister, held a conventicle of separatists in his own house.

¹⁴ Sluyter.

¹⁵ The southern extremity of a great shoal near the mouth of the Zuider Zee, northeast of the island of Wieringen. "Under the Vlieter" would mean at the east side of this shoal, in the Tesselstroom or channel to the Texel.

¹⁶ A village on the east side of the Texel.

¹⁷ 1 Peter v. 6.

¹⁸ Near the middle of the island.

¹⁹ Or Mennonite. Their sect, largely Dutch, were followers of Menno Simons (1492-1559), refraining from military service, oaths, and public office. It sprang from among the Baptists of the Reformation period, and had much in common with the Society of Friends in the period of the present book

²⁰ Still another Oosterend, at the east point of the Texel.

²¹ The main channel past the Texel.

²² Jan is not otherwise known to us, though apparently he had, or had had, some connection with the Labadist community which made his name familiar to their agents.

²³ Falmouth, England.

²⁴ Jacob Boehme (1575-1624), a pious German shoemaker, author of many noted mystical writings

²⁵ We are left to infer that Margaret Philipse also, like Jan, had some relation to the Labadists, and perhaps that she had just visited them. But her husband, Frederick Philipse, was a native of the town of Bolsward, mentioned above, and she may therefore have gone there.

²⁶ These are channels leading out around the Helder, the Nieuwe Diep close to that cape on the inside, the Lands Diep close to it on the outside. Farther out lay the old channel and the Spaniard''s Channel.

²⁷ In this translation distances are stated in English miles.

²⁸ The Texel channel being the great western passage out from the Zuider Zee, the other or eastern passage was theVlie, lying on the other side of the great shoal known as the Bree Sand, and leading out between the islands of Vlieland and Schelling.

²⁹ A guilder or florin was equivalent to about 40 cents.

³⁰ West Friesland was the ancient name for the northern part of the province of Holland, Alkmaar one of its chief towns.

³¹ The westernmost island of the province of Zeeland.

³² Evert Duyckinck; see footnote 49.

³³ In the fragmentary manuscript journal of the voyage of 1683, Danckaerts notices, on land, between Canterbury and Dover, the same great abundance of beetles, which every evening fly out to sea from Dover in great numbers.

³⁴ A distorted rumor of the rising of the Covenanters in June, 1679; but everything was now seen in the light of the Popish Plot.

³⁵ Sandbanks off the southeast coast of England, called by the English the Galloper, the Whiting, and the Goodwin Sands.

³⁶ Beachy Head.

³⁷ Of Gibraltar.

³⁸ Durlston Head.

³⁹ A small long three-masted trading-ship.

⁴⁰ Start Point.

⁴¹ This dangerous reef was called by the Dutch Meeuwsteen (Sea-mews'' Rock), by the English Eddy stone. Of the lighthouses for which it has been celebrated, the first was begun in 1695.

⁴² Dodman Point.

⁴³ The southernmost point of Cornwall. Falmouth is about midway between it and Dodman Point.

⁴⁴ Falmouth, which had come into existence in 1613, numbered in 1679 some two hundred and fifty houses. The two castles alluded to as commanding the harbor were Pendennis castle on the west (southeast of the town), famous for its obstinate defence in 1646 by the royalists under Lord Arundell, and St. Mawes on the east.

⁴⁵ The custom house had lately been transferred to Falmouth from Penryn. Bryan Rogers was one of the chief merchants of the former.

⁴⁶ The new church at Falmouth, built by Sir Robert Killigrew. The sermon was probably from the Two Books of Homilies authorized by the Church.

⁴⁷ There was but one mayor.

⁴⁸ One of the Cape Verde islands.

⁴⁹ Evert Duyckinck was the son of a Westphahan painter and glazier of the same name who had come out to New Netherland early, in the service of the Dutch West India Company.

⁵⁰ Pendennis castle is meant. The governor was Richard, Lord Arundell of Trerice, son of the old governor who had commanded during the siege of 1646.

⁵¹ Robert Sinclair. Though he returned on the Charles, he came back to New York in 1682, married the sister of Evert Duyckinck, became a sea-captain, and died in 1704.

⁵² A gold coin of Holland, worth originally about two dollars and a half, but at this time less. It would apparently have been worth fifteen guilders of zeewan (wampum) in New Netherland.

⁵³ Jan Teunissen van Dykhuis, of Brooklyn.

⁵⁴ Twenty stivers made one florin or guilder, and three guilders one ducat.

⁵⁵ The Falmouth customs officers had the right, or opportunity by connivance of the government, to bring in some goods dutv-free.

⁵⁶ A Dutch silver coin, worth about $1.25.

⁵⁷ The Charles set sail from Falmouth the next day, July 21, 1679. The account of the voyage is here omitted. It is a somewhat interesting picture of the hardships, discomforts, and other incidents of an Atlantic voyage in the seventeenth century, but it is excessively long.

⁵⁸ Navesink.

⁵⁹ "Headlands," at the Narrows.

⁶⁰ Robert Sinclair.

⁶¹ Gerrit Evertsen van Duyn, carpenter and wheelwright, emigrated in 1649 from Nieuwerkerk in Zeeland, married Jacomina, daughter of Jacob Swarts Hellekers, lived mostly in New Utrecht and Flatbush, and died in 1706. He had returned to the Netherlands in 1670, but was now coming out for good.

⁶² The mate told him, September 1, off the Bermudas, that one never failed to have storms there; and that one dark night "it seemed as if the air was full of strange faces with wonderful eyes standing out of them" {cf. Shakespeare''s Tempest) ; and then he remembered to have read the same, in his youth, in a little book called De Silver Poort-Klock (The Silver Gate-Bell).

⁶³ Corsairs from North Africa, who at that time constantly infested the seas near England and concerning whom the narrative of the first part of the voyage shows frequent alarms.

⁶⁴ An anker was about ten gallons.

⁶⁵ Zwolle in the Netherlands.

⁶⁶ I.e., "black Jacob." His name was Jacob Hellekers, and his house, in which the Labadists lodged while in New York, stood where now stands no. 255 Pearl Street, near Fulton Street.

⁶⁷ Rev, Gideon Schaets was settled as pastor at Rensselaerwyck in 1652, later at Beverwyck and Albany, continuing in service there till he died in 1694, aged 86. Peter Tesschenmaker had come up from Dutch Guiana, and had supplied the pulpits at Esopus and at Newcastle on the South River (Delaware River), for about a year in each place. The history of his formal call, examination, ordination in October, 1679, and appointment, is set forth in Ecclesiastical Records of New York, I. 724-735. The only three other Dutch Reformed ministers in the province at this time were those named below: Rev. Wilhelmus van Nieuwenhuysen of New York (1672-d. 1681), Rev. Casparus van Zuuren of Flushing, Brooklyn, and Flatlands (1677-1685), and Rev. Laurentius Gaasbeeck of Esopus (1678-d. February, 1680).

⁶⁸ Pemaquid, on the coast of Maine, where this governor had built a fort in 1677, on territory embraced in the Duke of York's patent. The governor was Sir Edmund Andros (1674-1681). He visited Pemaquid in the autumn of 1679. He was of course nowise subordinate to the governor of Jamaica.

⁶⁹ Governor's Island.

⁷⁰ The inscription, on a stone extant till 1835, is here quoted almost literally. It ran, "Anno Domini 1642, W. Kieft, director general, has caused the commonalty to build this temple." Willem Kieft was director-general of New Netherland from 1638 to 1647. A plan of town and fort may be seen at p. 420 of Narratives of New Netherland, in this series.

⁷¹ Nieuwenhuysen. The text is in I Timothy v. 17, "Let the elders that rule well, be accounted worthy of double honor."

⁷² Rebecca, daughter of Jacob Hellekers's wife by her former husband, was married to Arie or Adrian Corneliszen, who had a license to sell wines and other liquors, and lived a little out of town, beyond the Fresh Water.

⁷³ Jean Vigné had in previous years been four times one of the schepens, or municipal councillors, of New Amsterdam. If he was born in New Netherland in or about 1614, there must have been at least one European woman in the colony at an earlier date than has been supposed, namely, back in the years of the first Dutch trading along that coast. But many things concerning the earliest years of New Netherland must remain in uncertainty until the publication of a certain group of documents of that period, evidently important, which were sold in 1910 by Muller of Amsterdam and are now in private possession in New York, and withheld from public knowledge.

⁷⁴ Abraham de la Noy was a schoolmaster. See footnote 103. Probably the writer means Peter de la Noy, who was clerk under the collector of the port. Later he was one of the chief supporters of Leisler.

⁷⁵ The Smith's Flats, a tract of low-lying land along the East River, outside the palisade of the town, and extending from present Wall Street to Beekman.

⁷⁶ Perhaps a reminiscence from the days (1671-1675) when the Labadists lived on the Elbe, at Altona.

⁷⁷ The stiver of Holland money was equivalent to two cents. Six white beads of wampum to the stiver was the rate established by authority in 1673.

⁷⁸ Arnoldus de la Grange and his wife Cornelia (Fonteyn), resident at this time in New York, removed soon after to Newcastle, on the Delaware River, where he had various tracts of land and where he in 1681 erected a windmill. In 1684-1685 he was concerned in the purchase from Augustine Herrman of land in Bohemia Manor for the Labadist settlement, and later is found as a member of their community.

⁷⁹ Delaware River.

⁸⁰ Beeren Eylandt, afterward called Barren Island, lay east of Coney Island, between it and Jamaica Bay. Vlaeck means "the flat."

⁸¹ Less than half a cent.

⁸² The second church building in Brooklyn, erected in 1666, and standing till 1766. It stood in the middle of what is now Fulton Street, near Lawrence Street Gowanus was a distinct hamlet to the southward from Breukelen.

⁸³ French of the Walloon variety. See footnote 118.

⁸⁴ Striped bass and shad, respectively. In reality the word elft has nothing to do with eleven, for elft = Fr. alose or Eng. allice.

⁸⁵ This settler was Simon Aertsen De Hart, who came to New Netherland in 1664 and settled at Gowanus Cove. The house in which he entertained the travellers was till lately still standing, near Thirty-ninth Street, west of Third Avenue, Brooklyn, but was destroyed to make room for the terminal buildings of the Thirty-ninth Street ferry. A picture of it as it appeared in 1867 is plate XII. in Mr. Murphy's edition of this journal.

⁸⁶ Thirty cents.

⁸⁷ Shake-down, bed on the floor.

⁸⁸ Pronounced Nyack; the region around the present site of Fort Hamilton, on the eastern side of the Narrows. It was at that time largely surrounded by a marsh and hence is referred to in the text as an island.

⁸⁹ Mica.

⁹⁰ Jacques Cortelyou. He came out from Utrecht as tutor to the children of Cornelis van Werckhoven, to whom this New Utrecht tract was first granted by the Dutch West India Company. He became the official surveyor of the province, made in 1660 a map of New Netherland, and founded New Utrecht, on Long Island, and a settlement in New Jersey.

⁹¹ There is probably here some confusion between the original grant to van Werckhoven and subsequent regrants to Cortelyou.

⁹² Follower of René Descartes (1596-1650), the celebrated French philosopher and mathematician, founder of Cartesianism and of modern philosophy in general.

⁹³ See Governor Andros's recommendation to the constables and overseers of Brooklyn to contribute to the relief of Cortelyou and the other inhabitants of New Utrecht, on account of their losses by fire, 1675, in Stiles, History of Brooklyn I. 198.

⁹⁴ This sketch is still preserved, accompanying the manuscript of this journal in the possession of the Long Island Historical Society. It bears the legend, in Dutch, "Views of the land on the south side and southwest side of the great bay between the Nevesincks and Long Island, six [Dutch] miles from New York. . . . All as it appears from . . . Jaques [blank]'s house at Najaq." It is reproduced as plate II. in Mr. Murphy's edition.

⁹⁵ Flatlands, where Elbert Elbertsen Stoothoff, father-in-law of Jan Theunissen, and a man of prominence, lived.

⁹⁶ Niewenhuisen.

⁹⁷ Gravesend, still farther down the south shore of Long Island.

⁹⁸ Flatbush.

⁹⁹ This may mean Surinam (Dutch Guiana). Later, in 1683, a Labadist colony went out to Surinam, but failed; Danckaerts went out to join them, but returned.

¹⁰⁰ Elbert Elbertsen.

¹⁰¹ Tincture of calamus; sulphur balsam, a mixture of olive oil and sublimed sulphur.

^102'' The Gradations of the Spiritual Life," by Theodorus à Brakel (1608-1699), an orthodox clergyman of note in the Reformed Church of Holland. Jacobus Koelman was originally a minister of the same church, in Zeeland, but became a schismatic and a Labadist and was forbidden to preach. In 1682 the people on the South River made much effort with the Classis of Amsterdam to have him sent over to be their minister, but in vain, and shortly after he left the Labadists, and in 1683 published a book against them. The book here spoken of was probably one of the works of Rev. John Brown of Wamphray in Scotland, written during his exile in Holland, 1663-1679.

¹⁰³ Abraham de la Noy seems to have taught in New York from 1668 to his death in 1702, conducting at this time a private school, but from 1686 serving as master of the Dutch parochial school.

¹⁰⁴ Named from Barent Blom, a settler. Later called Great and Little Barn Islands, now Ward's and Randall's Islands.

¹⁰⁵ Of Manhattan.

¹⁰⁶ The road was finished in 1673. Traced along the modern streets, it ran up Broadway, Park Row, the Bowery, Fourth Avenue (to Union Square), Broadway (to Madison Square), and then irregularly to the Harlem River at Third Avenue and 130th Street. The heights spoken of east (northeast) of the village of New Harlem were the present Mount Morris and Mott Haven

¹⁰⁷ So called because its main street ran through the farm or bouwery of Peter Stuyvesant.

¹⁰⁸ Or east.

¹⁰⁹ Resolved Waldron (1610-1690), elected constable in October, 1678. He was the chief man of the place, had been deputy fiscael of New Netherland in the time of Governor Stuyvesant, and held many provincial and local offices. In 1659 he and Augustine Herrman went to Maryland on an embassy for Stuyvesant; see its journal in Narratives of Early Maryland, in this series, pp. 309-333. Thus it may have been he who told Danckaerts and Sluyter of Herrman and of Bohemia Manor. It is almost certain that he never was in Brazil; but Hendrick Vander Vin, clerk and voorleser of Harlem, whom our travellers may have met at Waldron's house, had had an important official position there.

¹¹⁰ Catrix for Carteret. Captain James Carteret, son of Sir George Carteret, the proprietary of New Jersey, had commanded a ship at the reduction of St. Christopher in 1667, had come to New Jersey in 1671, and had allowed himself to be made leader of the malcontents in an uprising in that province in 1672. In 1673 he married the daughter of the mayor of New York, and set out for Carolina, where he was a ''landgrave," but returned to New York, and ultimately (1680) to Europe.

¹¹¹ The diarist is perhaps confusing the two Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey.

¹¹² Philip Carteret, a distant cousin, not a nephew, of Sir George, is the person here meant. He was appointed governor of New Jersey under the joint proprietorship of Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, in 1664, and of East Jersey in 1674, under the sole grant to Sir George. He resigned in 1682, and died in December of that year, in this country. "This Carteret in England" means of course Sir George. The half of New Jersey called West New Jersey, first granted to Fenwick and Byllynge, came as a trust into the hands of Penn, Lawrie, and Lucas (see Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware, in this series, pp. 177-195), who used it for Quaker colonization.

¹¹³ The Palisades.

¹¹⁴ Valentine Claessen, whose sons took the surname of Valentine. He was a Saxon from Transylvania; his wife, Marritie Jacobs, was a Dutch woman, of Beest in Gelderland.

¹¹⁵ Walter Webley, nephew of Colonel Lewis Morris.

¹¹⁶ Greenwich.

¹¹⁷ In fact, about fourteen.

¹¹⁸ French-speaking persons from those provinces of the Low Countries then remaining under the rule of Spain, but now constituting the kingdom of Belgium.

¹¹⁹ The Oude Dorp (Old Town or Old Village) stood near the present South Beach on the east side of the island. The steep bluff spoken of was at what is now called Fort Wadsworth.

¹²⁰ Still called New Dorp; a village some two miles east of Richmond.

¹²¹ Menhaden.

¹²² Perhaps Christopher Billop of Bentley. The creeks next spoken of are Richmond Creek and Main Creek, which make well into the island from its west side.

¹²³ Pierre Cresson, a Picard, who after many years in Holland came out to New Netherland in 1657, and lived at Harlem till 1677, when he obtained this grant on Staten Island. His son Jacques embraced the Labadist views.

¹²⁴ I.e., behind the Kill van Kull. Mill Creek is probably the stream now known as Elizabethtown Creek.

¹²⁵ Now Shooter's Island, opposite Mariner's Harbor.

¹²⁶ This was the Rev. Charles Wolley, the only English minister then in the province. A graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, he came out with Governor Andros in 1678 as chaplain to the garrison, and remained in New York till 1680. He published in 1701 (London, two editions) a pleasant though fragmentary little book entitled A Two Years Journal in New York, well worth reading in comparison with Danckaerts's account of the province. Two reprints of it have been issued (New York, 1860; Cleveland, 1902), the former edited by Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan, the latter by Professor Edward G. Bourne.

¹²⁷ Hackensack.

¹²⁸ The word, in the form neetup, has survived in local speech in some parts of New England. ''What cheer, neetup!" was the Indian's salutation to Roger Williams on his arrival at Seekonk.

¹²⁹ The chief (evil) spirit.

¹³⁰ Sachem, lord.

¹³¹Ephraim Herrman, eldest son of Augustine Herrman of Bohemia Manor, had on September 3, 1679, six weeks before this date, married Elizabeth Rodenburg, daughter of Lucas Rodenburg, formerly vice-director of Curacao. South River is the Delaware.

¹³² Communipaw, in New Jersey, founded in 1658. It is uncertain whether the name is of Indian origin (Gamoenipaen), or is a Dutch name made up from that of Pauw. The former is more likely.

¹³³ Jacques Fierens was from 1642 to 1669 a noteworthy printer, bookseller, and publisher at Middelburg in Zeeland, where Danckaerts then lived. Fierens's shop, as we know from other sources, was at the sign of the Globe in Gistraat or Giststraat (i. e., Heilige Geest Straat, Holy Ghost Street).

¹³⁴ In 1673, after the Duke of York and the English had held New York nine years, two Dutch commodores, Cornelis Evertsen and Jacob Binckes, retook it for the States General. The Dutch, however, held it only a year.

¹³⁵ Fytje Hartman, widow of Michael Jansen Hartman. She had seven children.

¹³⁶ Bergen was founded in 1661. Both it and Communipaw are now in Jersey City.

¹³⁷ Raccoon.

¹³⁸ Hackensack River.

¹³⁹ Immetie Dirx, widow of Frans Claesen.

¹⁴⁰Say three cents.

¹⁴¹Parish clerk, precentor, and (usually) schoolmaster. The church records of Bergen go back to 1664, and the first church edifice was built in the next year, 1680.

¹⁴² Now Constable's Point. Pavonia was the domain of Michael Pauw. Haverstraw lay well to the northward, Hackensack to the northwestward, of the Bergen peninsula.

¹⁴³ "The Town is compact and hath been fortified against the Indians." Captain Nicolls, in George Scot, The Model of the Government of East New Jersey, p. 142.

¹⁴⁴Jacques Cortelyou and his associates had a large grant of land at Aquackanonck (Passaic). Northwest Kill is the Passaic River.

¹⁴⁵ A morgen was about two acres.

¹⁴⁶ Deed of March 28, 1679, from the Indian sachem Captahem to a group of Bergen men.

¹⁴⁷ There were few Friends yet in New York, but on Long Island there were already quarterly and half-yearly meetings.

¹⁴⁸ Passaic.

¹⁴⁹ The Dutch translation of Jean de Labadie's Points Fondamentaux de la Vie vrayement Chrestienne (Amsterdam, 1670).

¹⁵⁰ Several very interesting pen-and-ink drawings accompany the manuscript of this journal. See the introduction to the volume.

¹⁵¹ Brooklyn, Flatbush, New Utrecht.

¹⁵² Large stationary net.

¹⁵³ The reference is to Governor Nicolls's code, commonly called the Duke's Laws, first promulgated in 1665, for Long Island and the Delaware River region, and reissued by Governor Lovelace in 1674. Copies were sent to each Long Island township, and thus to New Utrecht. The code was printed in 1809 in the first volume of the Collections of the New York Historical Society, and may also be found in a Pennsylvania issue, Charter to William Penn, etc. (Harrisburg, 1879).

¹⁵⁴ The Pensèes of Blaise Pascal had been published, posthumously, in 1670.

¹⁵⁵ These words appear as a marginal note in the original manuscript.

¹⁵⁶ Piscataway, N. J., founded in 1666, some seven or eight miles up the

Raritan River from its mouth at Perth Amboy. Achter Kol, below, was the Dutch name for what is now corruptly called Arthur Kill, and, by extension, for Newark Bay and the portion of New Jersey immediately west of Staten Island, Arthur Kill, and the Kill van Kull.

¹⁵⁷ Hackensack and Passaic Rivers.

¹⁵⁸ Woodbridge, N. J., founded in 1665.

¹⁵⁹ The mill of Jonathan Dunham, whose house was standing till 1871

¹⁶⁰ Madame van Brugh, née Katrina Roelofs, later Madame van Rodenburg, now the wife of Johannes Pieterszen van Brugh.

¹⁶¹ Dr. Henry Greenland, formerly a resident of Newbury, Mass., and of Kittery, Maine. The route which travellers at this time took through New Jersey crossed the Raritan at the present site of New Brunswick, and then proceeded to what is now Trenton. The crossing of the Raritan is not mentioned in the journal.

¹⁶² In 1675 the moiety of Berkeley and Carteret's grant called West New Jersey came into the hands of three English Friends, Penn, Lawrie, and Lucas, as trustees. In the four years since that time more than a thousand Friends had settled in the province. The owner of the mill was Mahlon Stacey, a Yorkshire Quaker. who had just built it, on Assanpink Creek, in what is now Trenton.

¹⁶³ The Labadists had dwelt at Herford in Westphalia from 1670 to 1672, and at Altona in Holstein from 1672 to 1675.

¹⁶⁴ Matinnaconk Island lies in the Delaware River between Bordentown and Burlington.

¹⁶⁵ Note 243 begins the section how the Quakers came in possession Burlington on the east side of the river.

¹⁶⁶ Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1577-1644), an eminent Belgian chemist, physiologist, and physician. Of his collected writings, Ortus Medicinae, there were many editions and translations, and one of the English versions may have been edited with sympathy by a Quaker, for with much scientific acuteness Van Helmont combined much mystical philosophy.

¹⁶⁷ Chester, Pennsylvania.

¹⁶⁸ Tacony, Philadelphia County.

¹⁶⁹ Tinicum Island, a few miles below the present site of Philadelphia (which, it should be remembered, was not founded till 1682). On this island the Swedish governor Johan Printz had in 1643 built his stronghold of Nya Göteborg, or New Gothenburg, and his mansion; and here, after his return to Sweden, his daughter Armegot Printz, wife of his lieutenant and temporary successor Johan Papegoia, lived from 1654 to 1662, and from 1673 to 1675.

¹⁷⁰ Here and in many other places the diarist spells the name Grangie.

¹⁷¹ Built by Governor Printz in 1646.

¹⁷² This sketch is not preserved with the manuscript.

¹⁷³ Papegoia returned to Sweden in 1656, but did not die till 1667.

¹⁷⁴ This suit of Madame de La Grange against Madame Papegoia took place

at New York in 1672.

¹⁷⁵ The Scanian War, 1675-1679.

¹⁷⁶ Her only brother, it appears, had died. But she had three sons in the

Swedish military and naval service in 1675.

¹⁷⁷ Otto Ernst Koch or Kock, a justice of the peace of the court held at Upland during this period when the region on the right bank of the Delaware River was under the administration of the Duke of York.

¹⁷⁸ Peter Alrichs, a Dutchman of Nykerk near Groningen, had been commandant of the region during the brief Dutch reoccupation of 1673-1674, and was now a justice of the Newcastle court. He was a nephew of Jacob Alrichs, governor of the region 1657-1659, under the rule of the city of Amsterdam.

¹⁷⁹ In the next year, 1681, Arnoldus de La Grange sued Kock in the Upland court. The case was postponed "by reason that there's noe court without Justice Otto, whoe is a party," and, under Penn's government, was decided in favor of La Grange in 1683.

¹⁸⁰ Probably this was Alice Gary, formerly Alice Ambrose, who in 1662 had been whipped at Dover and Hampton, N. H., and Salisbury, Mass., and in 1665 had been punished at Boston, along with Wenlock Christison. She now lived on West River, in Maryland.

¹⁸¹ Robert Wade, who had come out -with Fenwick in 1675, and settled at Salem, N. J., but presently removed to Upland (Chester). He and his wife were probably the first Quakers in Pennsylvania. Penn occupied this house when he first landed in 1682, and here the first assembly of Pennsylvania met.

¹⁸² James Naylor. The episode occurred at Bristol, England, in 1656. Anna Salters was at that time Anna or Hannah Strayer, whose conduct in that episode was as here described.

¹⁸³ So appointed by Governor Andros in 1676.

¹⁸⁴ Turtle Creek, now Shelpot Creek. At its falls the Swedes had built a mill in 1662.

¹⁸⁵ The creek mentioned was Brandywine Creek. Fort Christina stood on a part of the present site of Wilmington, Delaware. For the Dutch conquest of it in 1655, see Narratives of New Netherland, in this series, pp. 379-386, and Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, pp. 167-176.

¹⁸⁶ Fort Christina stood on the north side of Christina Creek. Stuyvesant's main battery was erected behind the fort, on the land or north side of it, but he also had works on the opposite or south side of Christina Creek. Lindström's original plan of the siege may be seen reproduced in Dr. Amandus Johnson's The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, II. 602.

¹⁸⁷ Jean Paul Jaquet was vice-director on the Delaware during the initial period of Dutch control, 1655-1657.

¹⁸⁸ Anna Margareta, eldest of the three daughters of Augustine Herrman of Bohemia Manor. She afterward married Matthias Vanderheyden.

¹⁸⁹ Presiding justice of the court at Newcastle. see paragraph beginning "As regards Mr. Moll, he lived in his youth..."

¹⁹⁰ This Newcastle sketch seems not to have survived.

¹⁹¹ Appoquinimink Creek, in the lower part of Newcastle County, Delaware.

¹⁹² Kasparus Herrman, second son of Augustine Herrman of Bohemia Manor. Andros in 1676 had confirmed him in the possession of lands on the northeast side of Augustine Creek in Delaware, a part of St. Augustine Manor (see Note 194), and here we may assume that he was living, near Reedy Isle.

¹⁹³ Great numbers of indented white servants came into Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. See E. I. MacCormac, White Servitude in Maryland, in Johns Hopkins University Studies, XXII.

¹⁹⁴ This was one of Augustine Herrman's estates. His possessions included Bohemia Manor and Little Bohemia (acquired in 1662), St. Augustine's Manor (1671), and Misfortune, or the Three Bohemian Sisters (1682). All lay in the region between Elk River and the Delaware. Bohemia Manor was the tract in present Maryland between Bohemia River (and Great Bohemia Creek) and Back Creek, Little Bohemia that between Great and Little Bohemia Creek, the Three Bohemia Sisters a tract north of Back Creek, and St. Augustine, the tract in present Delaware east of Bohemia Manor and extending from St. George's Creek or the present line of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal southward to Appoquinnimink or perhaps Blackbird Creek. The tract which the Labadists afterward purchased lay in the southeast part of Bohemia Manor, east of the manor-house, and on the north side of Great Bohemia Creek. Their house was still standing a few years ago. Our travellers had gone down the Delaware River some fifteen miles from Newcastle, and were now near the present Port Penn, Delaware.

¹⁹⁵ In 1671 the New York authorities ordered those at Newcastle to clear one-half of a road from there to Augustine Herrman's plantation, the Marylanders having agreed to clear the other half. In a rare tract, Copies of some Records and Depositions Relating to the Great Bohemia Manor (1721), Herrman van Barkelo, an elderly resident, describing the "old Highway Road or Delaware Path about Thirty eight Years ago," and giving some reminiscences of Ephraim Herrman about the same time (1683), when the deponent lived with the Labadists on Bohemia Manor, adds that as he then "travelled the . . . Delaware Road, . . . he observed the Trees marked or notched along the said Delaware Road Sides, that the Notches seemed to him to be made about Eight or Ten Years before that Time."

¹⁹⁶ Augustine Herrman, born in Prague in 1608, seems to have resided at New Amsterdam most of the time from 1633 to 1659. In the latter year he was sent on an embassy into Maryland. His journal of that embassy is printed in Narratives of Early Maryland, in this series, pp. 309-333. From 1662 to his death in 1686 he lived on his estates in Maryland, already described, and was the great man of northeastern Maryland. His house stood till 1815, when it was destroyed by fire.

¹⁹⁷ Twenty thousand acres, rather, or perhaps twenty-four thousand. The map, one of the finest ever executed in English America in the seventeenth century, is entitled Virginia and Maryland, As it is Planted and Inhabited this present Year 1670 Surveyed and Exactly Drawne by the Only Labour and Endeavour of Augustin Herrman Bohemiensis. It was engraved by Faithorne. Only one copy is now known, that in the British Museum. A facsimile was lately published by Mr. P. Lee Phillips (Washington, 1911).

¹⁹⁸ Queen Henrietta Maria, consort of Charles I.

¹⁹⁹ On the east side of Chesapeake Bay the line of division between Maryland and Virginia ran east from Watkins Point on the bay shore to the Atlantic. On the west side the boundary was the Potomac.

²⁰⁰ Chesapeake.

²⁰¹ The travellers had no first-hand knowledge of the subject, and their comment is without authentic value.

²⁰² "My father is and has been all this winter extreme weakly." Ephraim Herrman to Secretary Matthias Nicolls, Newcastle, January 17, 1680.

²⁰³ A second wife, of whom little is otherwise known.

²⁰⁴ Probably Captain Henry Ward, several times member of assembly from Cecil County, who had a plantation in Sassafras Neck.

²⁰⁵ Probably Mans Andersson. He and Hendrick Hendrickson, mentioned below, are known as petitioners for naturalization in 1674.

²⁰⁶ Captain James Frisby, member of the Maryland assembly for Cecil County in 1678. George Fox held a notable meeting at his house in 1672. The first court-house of Cecil County was erected on the north side of Sassafras River, a short distance east of what is still called Ordinary Point.

²⁰⁷ Captain Nathan Sybrey was a member of assembly for Cecil County in 1678. The Great Bay, above, means the Chesapeake. "Howel's Point" is noted on Herrman's map, at the mouth of Sassafras River.

²⁰⁸ The sketch is not preserved. The place would seem to be west of Newtown, Maryland, where Herrman's map indicates "Salsbury Creek." Richard Adams was a petitioner to the Maryland assembly from Cecil County in 1681.

²⁰⁹ Where Danckaerts had lived.

²¹⁰ German.

²¹¹ An act of assembly of 1671 naturalized Cornelius Commegys the elder, Millementy [so in the act as printed, read Willemtje] his wife, and his four children, Cornelius, Elizabeth, William, and Hannah, the first born in Virginia, the younger three in Maryland. He settled at Quaker Neck on the Chester River, in Kent County, below Chestertown.

²¹² Vianen is in South Holland, near the borders of Utrecht. The act of naturalization and the record of their marriage at New Amsterdam in 1658 speak of him as born in Lexmont (Leksmond, a village near Vianen) and his wife in Barneveld, a village near Amersfoort.

²¹³ Henry Hosier was a member of the assembly from Kent County in 1679.

²¹⁴ Sluyter, though Dutch, came from the German town of Wesel.

²¹⁵ Steenwijk is in Overyssel.

²¹⁶ This suggestion was finally realized by the cutting of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, completed in 1829.

²¹⁷ The meaning of this passage is made clear only by the discovery of the facts mentioned in Note B prefixed to Journal of Jasper Danckaerts (1941) edited by Bartlett Burleigh James and J. Franklin Jameson The names Jasper and Susanneken (a diminutive of Susanna) appeal to Danckaerts and excite these reflections because they were the names of himself and his wife, who had died in 1676.

²¹⁸ It was upon the piece of land here alluded to that the colony of the Labadists was afterward planted. See Note 194.

²¹⁹ The first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, who secured the patent of 1632, never voyaged to Maryland as here described. Also, the grant was definite in bounds, from the Potomac to 40° N. lat. Cecilius Calvert, the second lord, died in 1675. Charles Calvert, the third, was at this time both proprietary and governor, having come out to his province this winter, arriving in February, 1680. The writer erroneously attributes the granting of Maryland to Queen Mary Tudor, predecessor of Queen Elizabeth, instead of to Queen Henrietta Maria.

²²⁰ Lord Culpeper came out to Virginia as governor this year, arriving in May, 1680. His predecessor as governor, Sir William Berkeley, had been recalled and had died, but Colonel Jeffreys and Sir Henry Chicheley had meantime been lieutenant-governors successively.

²²¹ Despite these criticisms as to slavery, it appears, if we can accept the hostile testimony of Dittelbach, Verval en Vol der Lahadisten (Amsterdam, 1692), that Sluyter, when in control of the Labadist plantation at Bohemia Manor, employed slave labor without hesitation and with some harshness.

²²² No cities, of course, but some villages.

²²³ The war of 1672-1674. But the attack on the Hoere-kill (Whorekill, now Lewes, Delaware) was not an act of war against the Dutch, but an attack by Marylanders on inhabitants who were under the jurisdiction of the Duke of York, in a territory disputed between him and Lord Baltimore.

²²⁴ The reference is to the Popish Plot in England; in respect to Boston, it is probably to King Philip's War. 1675-1676, and the hostilities along the Maine coast in 1677, though there is no reason to attribute these to French or Jesuit instigation. Yet possibly the great fire of August 8-9, 1679, is meant; Note to come in future postings.

²²⁵ Domine Petrus Tesschenmaker remained in charge of the church in Newcastle till 1682. After brief sojourns in New York and on Staten Island, he was called to the church in Schenectady. There he served from 1685 to 1690, when he was killed in the Indian massacre of that year.

²²⁶ Bread and Cheese Island lay up Christina Creek, some ten miles west of present Wilmington, Delaware, and at the junction of Red Clay Creek and White Clay Creek. The planter was Abraham Mann, who in 1683 was sheriff and member of assembly for Newcastle County.

²²⁷ Our travellers used the new style, current in Holland (though not in Friesland), the English and their colonists the old. Christmas of old style was January 4 of new.

²²⁸ Jan Boeyer was constable of Newcastle the next year.

²²⁹ For fideicommissum.

²³⁰ Augustine Herrman did not die till 1686. In 1684 he executed his final deed of conveyance to Peter Sluyter alias Vorsman, Jasper Danckaerts alias Schilders, Petrus Bayard of New York (nephew of Governor Stuyvesant and ancestor of all the Bayards of Delaware), John Moll, and Arnoldus de La Grange, conveying the "Labadie Tract" of some 3750 acres on the north side of Bohemia River. Moll and de La Grange immediately released their interest in the land to Danckaerts and Sluyter, Bayard did so in 1688, and Danckaerts in 1693, from Holland, conveyed to Sluyter all his rights. Augustine Herrman at his death conveyed the rest of Bohemia Manor to his son Ephraim as an entailed estate. But evidently he had by that time repented of his dealings with the Labadists, for a codicil to his will appoints trustees to carry it out because "my eldest Sonn Ephraim Herman . . . hath Engaged himself deeply unto the labady faction and religion, seeking to perswade and Entice his Brother Casparus and sisters to Incline thereunto alsoe, whereby itt is upon Good ground suspected that they will prove no True Executors of This my Last Will of Entailement . . . but will Endeavour to disanull and make it voide, that the said Estates may redound to the Labady Communality." MS., Md. Hist. Soc.

²³¹ About ten gallons.

²³² Robert Wade. See Note 181.

²³³ Salem, New Jersey, had been founded by John Fenwick in 1675.

²³⁴ Lucas Rodenburgh was vice-director of Curacao from 1644 to 1655.

²³⁵ Peter Alrichs came over in 1657.

²³⁶ Wicacoa was in the southeastern part of the present area of Philadelphia, where Gloria Dei Church, still standing, was erected by the Swedes in 1697.

²³⁷ A manuscript map of the upper Delaware, which accompanies the journal, shows a plantation of Peter Alrichs on the right bank, opposite Matinnaconk Island and Burlington, and near the present Bristol, Pennsylvania.

²³⁸ See Note 162.

²³⁹ New York Bay; so named from Samuel Godyn, one of the earliest patentees of New Netherland.

²⁴⁰ The settlement at the Whorekill was Swanendael, founded by David de Vries and other Dutch patroons in 1631. See his Notes in Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware, in this series. The origin of New Sweden was quite different from what is stated in the text. It sprang from commercial companies formed in Sweden, allied with Dutch merchants.

²⁴¹ The conquest of New Sweden by the Dutch under Stuyvesant took place in 1655; narratives of it are in the volume just named and in Narratives of New Netherland, in this series. The surrender was of course not demanded in the name of the city of Amsterdam but in that of the Dutch republic, the United Provinces. The Dutch West India Company in 1656 sold a part of the territory to the city of Amsterdam

²⁴² Came to the crown of England and was conferred by King Charles II. on his brother, James, duke of York, afterward James II The duke's grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret in 1664 conveyed it to them undivided. The partition was effected by the new grants of 1674 and the Quintipartite Deed of 1676, creating East New Jersey and West New Jersey.

²⁴³ A strange corruption of the name of Edward Byllynge; less altered is the name of the other proprietor of West Jersey, mentioned below, John Fenwick, who founded Salem in 1675. West Jersey in that year fell into the hands of Penn, Lawrie, and Lucas as trustees. Their letter in Narratives of Pennsylvania, pp. 177-185, explains the system of land sales, of which our censorious traveller takes so dark a view.

²⁴⁴ They took the ** lower road" or more easterly path to the Raritan.

²⁴⁵ Cornelis van Langevelt was married within the ensuing year to Dr. Greenland's daughter; he was probably son of Cornelis van Langevelt of New Amsterdam. Under the name Cornelius Longfield he appears as deputy from Piscataway to the general assembly of East Jersey in 1696-1697. "Thomas the baker in New York" is Thomas Lawrence.

²⁴⁶ At or near the present site of New Brunswick.

²⁴⁷ It is an affluent of the Raritan, coming into it from the south.

²⁴⁸ Say, two dollars and a half.

²⁴⁹ Cologne earth is a brown ochre.

²⁵⁰ Governor Philip Carteret was a cousin of the proprietary.

²⁵¹ Sent word, rather. Governor Carteret arrived in New Jersey late in 1665. Piscataway was so named from Piscataqua in New Hampshire (Portsmouth), and Woodbridge from the Rev. John Woodbridge of Newbury, Massachusetts, from which two places the first settlers came.

²⁵² Step-father; Johannes van Brugh. See Note 160.

²⁵³ Deutel Bay was a small bight in the East River, about at the foot of Forty-seventh Street. The name was later corrupted into Turtle Bay. It was not a cove of Long Island.

²⁵⁴ See footnote 7.

²⁵⁵ Pemaquid, on the Maine coast, where Governor Andros had caused a fort to be erected, which he visited in the autumn of 1679.

²⁵⁶ Francis Rombouts was mayor of New York in 1679-1680.

²⁵⁷ The Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno-Batavae (Hague, 1875) contains the entry of "Petms Sluyter Vesaliensis" (i. e., of Wesel) as entering the University of Leyden in 1666 as a student of theology at the age of twenty-one. Also, Sluyter in 1670 told Paul Hackenberg at Herford that he had studied three years in the Palatinate (without finding one truly pious pastor or teacher). Domine Selyns, in a letter to Rev. Willem a Brakel, says that Sluyter gave himself out as a physician, but unsuccessful in practice, Danckaerts as a wineracker, as here. Danckaerts is understood from Zeeland sources to have been originally a cooper for the Dutch West India Company at Middelburg.

²⁵⁸ Six beavers, according to a municipal ordinance of 1676.

²⁵⁹ Simon Aertsen de Hart.

²⁶⁰ The Beaver was the ship by which Gerrit van Duyn's wife had just come out. For the writer as a cooper see footnote 257.

²⁶¹ Jacques Cortelyou.

²⁶² Probably a mistake for Jacob Theunissen, who was a baker at this time.

^263" The Liftings up of the Soul to God"; one of Labadie's publications (Dutch, Amsterdam, 1667), of which, however, Danckaerts evidently had with him only the original French, Elevations d' Esprit à Dieu (Montauban, 1651).

²⁶⁴ Les Sainfes Décades des Quatrains de Piété Chrestienne (Amsterdam, 1671), poems by Jean de Labadie.

²⁶⁵ Passaic.

²⁶⁶ Sluis in Staats-Vlanderen, now in Zeeland.

²⁶⁷ What appears to be the Dutch version of this, Handboekje van Godsaligheid, by Labadie, was published at Amsterdam in 1680.

²⁶⁸ Yellow Point.

²⁶⁹ Passaic River.

²⁷⁰ Milford, i. e., Newark, founded in 1666 by settlers from Milford, Connecticut, and other Connecticut towns. Opposite, between the Hackensack and Passaic rivers, lay Captain William Sandford's plantation (granted 1668), afterward called New Barbadoes. North of his grant lay that of Captain John Berry (1669), still higher that of Jacques Cortelyon and his partners.

²⁷¹ Probably connected with Kitchi, great.

²⁷² See section Journal of our Travels beginning with page 3, 16th, Monday and ending with 17th, Tuesday.

²⁷³ The falls of the Passaic, at Paterson, New Jersey.

²⁷⁴ Not preserved.

²⁷⁵ Governor's Island. The Spaniards spoken of may have been Verrazano's men.

²⁷⁶ The canticoy of the Indians was wild dancing.

²⁷⁷ Esopus, founded in 1652.

²⁷⁸ Rev. Laurentius van Gaasbeeck, licentiate in theology and doctor of medicine (M. D., Leyden, 1674), had come to the Esopus in September, 1678, and had preached at its three villages of Kingston, Marbleton, and Hurley. He died in February, 1680. A letter from the church, asking for another minister, is in Ecclesiastical Records of New York, II. 748. Tesschenmaker had served the church temporarily before Gaasbeeck's arrival.

²⁷⁹ Evert Duyckinck the elder and his son Gerrit were painters and glaziers; the father is also designated in the Dutch church records as "Schilder," maker of pictures.

²⁸⁰ Albany.

²⁸¹ Governor Andros's proclamation of March 13/23, 1680, against Governor Carteret's assuming to exercise powers of government in New Jersey. It may be found in New Jersey Archives, I. 293.

²⁸² See Section Our Voyage to New Netherland, p. 3, 14th, Friday.

²⁸³ Schenectady, Rensselaerswyck, Esopus.

²⁸⁴ William Leete was governor of Connecticut at this time, but there seems to be no evidence of his leaving his colony to go to the West Indies.

²⁸⁵ William Dyer had been commissioned by the Duke of York in 1674 as collector of the port of New York, and was still acting as such. The next year, 1680-1681, he was mayor of the city.

²⁸⁶ Since the revolution of 1672 in Holland, William III, Prince of Orange, afterward king of Great Britain, had been stadholder (governor) of that province, and of four others of the seven provinces of which the Dutch federal republic, the United Provinces, consisted. But the other two provinces, Friesland and Groningen, kept as their chief executive Count Henry Kasimir II. of Nassau- Dietz, a third cousin of the Prince of Orange. The stadholder of Friesland was not on good terms with his great relative, and under his lead Friesland stood somewhat aloof from the policies of the latter and of Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Provinces. The title His Royal Highness would be given to the Prince of Orange by Andros because of his recent marriage (1677) to the Princess Mary, daughter of the Duke of York and niece of Charles II.

²⁸⁷ Pemaquid.

²⁸⁸ Meus for Bartholomaeus, Bartholomew.

²⁸⁹ When the English conquered New Netherland, in 1664. Zwolle is in the province of Overyssel. The old man was Jacob Hellekers, his daughter's husband Gerrit van Duyn. See footnote 61. In fact, however, Gerrit had not gone back to Holland till 1670, nor his wife till 1671.

²⁹⁰ See footnote 61, Section Journals of our Travels, page 1, page 3, Section In New York page 1, February 1st [January 31], and footnote 336.

²⁹¹ Jacob Hellekers's wife was Theuntje Theunis. She was thrice married: to Ide ---, to Jacob Hellekers, to Jan Strijker. Peter Denys of Emmerich was farmer of the weigh-house; for Arie or Adriaen Corneliszen, see p. 47, note 1; Theunis Idenszen, a man of forty-one at this time, was assessor of the out ward in 1687, was married to Jannetje Thyssen, and had six children; Willem Hellekers was constable of the east ward in 1691.

^292" "You do not know that the devil has taken possession of our poor man."

^293" Woman of pretended piety."

²⁹⁴ Domine Schaets's son-in-law was Thomas Davidtse Kekebel or Kieckebuls. His wife had been sent away from Albany by the magistrates. In 1681 she and her husband came into a final concord; Doc. Hist. N. Y., quarto ed., III. 534.

²⁹⁵ Cats Kill. The falls alluded to are the Kaaterskill Falls.

²⁹⁶ The garden of the Thetinga State, the manor-house at Wieuwert. The tree is the arbor-vitae.

²⁹⁷ The fuyck is a hoop-net used for catching fish. Its shape is that of a truncated cone. The ground-plan of Albany (see p. 216, post, and the plan of 1695 in Rev. John Miller's Description of New York) had that shape.

²⁹⁸ Robert Sanders of Albany was a prominent Indian trader, skilled in Indian languages.

²⁹⁹ Mohawk River.

³⁰⁰ The falls of Niagara had been mentioned by Cartier and by Champlain, but the first full description of them, that of Hennepin in his Description de la Louisiane, was not published till 1683.

Source: Overview and Edited by Bryan Wright